Chapter Ten Review

Concepts and Events

Dreadnought – the first of a new class of battleship – larger, faster, deadlier, more expensive – that would make all other battleships obsolete; started by the Brits in 1905

Schlieffen Plan – German plan in 1905 by General Alfred von Schlieffen to beat Russia and France one at a time and to avoid a two-front war; Russia could only move slowly and could be held off by Austria-Hungary; German attack on France first to be done in 6 weeks through Belgium then past Paris driving French armies to defeat against the Alps - disaster

Hague Peace Conference –1898 by Czar Nicholas 2^nd called for international conference to limit armaments; Conference took place in 1899 and 1907; the conference left everything important about weapons to national governments to decide on their own

Battle of the Marne – September 6-9 1914; German assault on France was stopped within 35 miles of Paris; Germany had 1 mill soldiers marching across northern France and one army attempted a maneuver that left an opening in the German lines, the “Marne gap”, at the Marne River northeast of Paris; France throw reserves into opening and stopped German assault, ending German illusion of a fast victory

Marxism and Leninism – temporary dictatorship coming after the revolution when the communists would use the power of the state to crush any remaining opposition

League of Nations – Woodrow Wilson’s idea of a way to bring international co-operation to a jumbled world; started with Fourteen Points and became part of the Versailles settlement

Russian Revolution – changed the relationship b/w state and society; George Plekhanov founded the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1883 with philosophies of Marxism; March 8, 1917 women marched in an International Women’s Day demonstration for “Peace and Bread” which turned into a revolt; Nicholas lost control and abdicated on March 15 – March Revolution of 1917; Lenin led Marxist Revolution…

Bloody Sunday – January 22, 1905; unarmed peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas 2^nd were gunned down by Imperial Guards in St. Petersburg

Treaty of Versailles(1919) – drawn up by 27 Allied nations; punished Germany severely

Lusitania – British ocean liner; torpedoed and sunk by Germans on May 7, 1915; violation of the “freedom of the seas”

People

Alfred Nobel – industrialist and inventor of dynamite; gave large sums in the form of yearly peace prizes to support outstanding contributions to world order

Douglas Haig – leader of the “meat-grinder war”; British general, leader of British offensive at the Somme River where there were 60 000 British causalities on the first day

Kaiser Wilhelm 2^nd – enhanced German power; brought to foreign relations a bullying style that fostered aggressive German nationalism; saw 20^th century as “Germany’s century”; after Germany declared their nation a republic and ended the German Empire Wilhelm abdicated, left the country, and died in exile in Holland

Archduke Franz Ferdinand – He and his wife were murdered on June 28, 1914 by a Bosnian revolutionary during a parade at Sarajevo

Georges Clemenceau – in France; known as “the tiger”; a fiercely patriotic man who was appointed premier the following year; role was to fight against every sign of defeatism in the population

Rasputin – Czar Nicholas 2^nd’s and Empress Alexandra adored him mostly for his mystical power to stop the internal bleeding of their hemophiliac son Alexis; accused of every sexual vice and despised by court and country

Leon Trotsky – Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist; founder and commander of the Red Army in the Soviet Union; after power struggle with Stalin he was expelled from the communist party and deported out of the Soviet Union; assassinated in Mexico

Woodrow Wilson – determined to make the world safe for democracy;

Erich Maria Remarque – German-born American novelist who was wounded several times, said that the war was the ruin of his life