Chapter Eleven Review

Concepts and Events

Mein Kampf – a book written by Hitler describing Germany’s need for living space in the East

Locarno Pact (1925) - non-aggression agreement where Germ promised to accept new boundaries in West and respect demilitarization of Rhineland; England agreed to act against violation of agreements; Chamberlain, Briand, and Stresemann received Nobel Peace Prize for work on Pact

New Economic Policy – announced by Lenin; a return to more free-market methods; govn’t kept control of large industry, banking and foreign trade, while other activity was opened to private buying and selling; resulted in economic recovery

Five-Year Plan – implemented by Stalin December 27, 1929; command economy regulated by central plan and driven by very high production quotas; West in depression and Russia had almost no unemployment; long hours, low wages, poor housing; got money for industry from the countryside = famine; made totalitarian society and state controlled almost all aspects of life

Great Purge(1935-1938) – NKVD reported discovery of a terrorist center in the party; what followed was arrests, murders, executions that swept over party members and the Soviet elite; these people were replaced by younger and loyal followers of Stalin who would obey demands

National Socialism (Nazism) – used to defend working man against Jews, Marxists, and foreigners; uniforms, flags, marching, storm troopers and use of propaganda

Nuremberg Racial Laws – passed on September 15, 1935 on Citizenship and Race; a citizen of German Reich had to be “of German kindred blood” and behaviour must be in favour of Reich

Cubism – inspiration from Paul Cezanne who used geometric forms to fit them onto a two-dimensional canvas; used by Picasso and Braque

People

Benito Mussolini – joined Italian Socialist Party; changed from socialist against he war to a nationalist for the war; joined radical veterans on the radical right and made war cries that passed for the ideology of a fascist movement; closed down what was left of democracy in Italy and fascists took power in 1924; declared himself dictator and began to build fascist state; saying: “Mussolini is always right”

Joseph Stalin – competed for Lenin’s place; known as “man of steel”; advanced due to talent in paperwork and became secretary of the party; gave communist party new image

Adolf Hitler – ended Weimer democracy in 1933; a German of Austrian birth; wanted to bring all Germans “home to the Reich”; wanted to settle score with France for nations defeat in WW1

John Maynard Keynes – British economist who wrote “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” in reference to Versailles; warned reparations would impoverish Germany and other nations – Euro needed a prosperous Germany to continue prosperity; the way out of depression was for the government to put money into the economy to drive up spending and demand

Leon Trotsky – the Commissar of War; led the Red Army victoriously; competed for Lenin’s place; did not have patience for bureaucratic battles; in struggle for leadership he said that communist could not be made from scratch in a peasant society and what was needed was industry at home and revolution abroad, immediate cash program for industrialization