Chapter Eight Review

 

Concepts

Nationalism: devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation; belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals

Socialism: means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy

Realism: an inclination toward literal truth and pragmatism

Imperialism: the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations

Kulturkampf: an anticlerical policy limiting the rights of the Catholic Church in Germany

Feminism: belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes

Conservatism: the inclination, especially in politics, to maintain the existing or traditional order; political philosophy or attitude emphasizing respect for traditional institutions, distrust of government activism, and opposition to sudden change in the established order

 

Events

Crimean War

  • Fought to resist Russian expansion beyond the Black Sea and into the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean
  • More soldiers died form disease than gunfire
  • Major armies Russia, France, Great Britain
  • Russians were the losers and Napoleon 3rd was victorious

Dreyfus Affair

  • Lasted from 1894-1906
  • 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed for allegedly passing secrets to Germany
  • Evidence was forged against him
  • He was acquitted and re-admitted to the army

Paris Commune

  • Formed in 1871 under leadership of radical democrats with backing of socialists 
  • Killed about 100 hostages including Archbishop of Paris
  • Symbol of Parisian and republican valour

Second Industrial Revolution

  • 1880-1939 characterized by many technological breakthrough and new principles in organization of production and labour
  • New uses for steam power – world steam power increased 4.5 times
  • Significant innovations in personal transport 1880s 1890s – bicycle/electric streetcar
  • New technology lead to multiple applications of electricity; internal combustion engine dependent on refined petroleum

People

Madame Curie

§         Did work on radium and radioactivity

§         Developed methods for separation of radium from radioactive residues

§         Promoted use of radium to alleviate suffering

Otto von Bismarck

  • Conservative aristocrat/supporter of Prussian monarchy against the liberal nationalists 1848
  • Agent of German unification
  • Famous speech to the finance committee of the Prussian diet on September 29th, 1862
  • Took step of proposing a reorganization of the German confederation, creation of national assembly

 

 

Giuseppe Garibaldi

§         There was a combined action  to restore the Pope to Roam and Naples, Austria, France intervened against the Republic

§         In defense of the city Garibaldi lead 10 000 irregulars – forced to abandon the city

§         Shortly after last holdout of 1848 revolutions, Republic of Venice, surrendered to the Austrians in 1849

Giuseppe Mazzini

§         Was arrested as a conspirator

§         Founded the Young Italy society in Marseilles, France → through this he publicized the goals of Italian nationalism which aimed to bring together nationalism and liberalism

§         Personified romantic revolutionary nationalism for all Europeans

§         Uprising in Roam established him as president of radical, democratic republic

Emmeline Pankhurst

  • Pankhurst and her daughter launched suffrage society in Britain, the Women’s Social and Political Union
  • Started questioning politicians on public occasions, disruptions of political meetings and mass rallies before parliament → confrontations with police, arrests, more demonstrations
  • Went on hunger strikes and refused to pay taxes → violence against property
  • The liberal government still remained unmoved

Friedrich Nietzsche

  • Questioned emphasis on reason in Western civilization and asserted that creativity rested upon the human will
  • “God is dead” – challenged Christianity, argued individual could only find meaning/purpose through exertion of human spirit

Claude Monet

  • Combined light with emotional interest
  • Painted some subjects (Rouen Cathedral or haystacks) over and over up to 40 times
  • Spent the last of his life painting pictures of the garden at his house in Giverny