CHY4U West & the World

Legacy: The West & The World - Chapter 7 Industrial Revolution

Evolution of the Family
- child labour was a contentious issue. With machines women & children used more in factory work. Females paid less than men, also many women left work force with birth of children.
Marriage & Divorce: married younger, less infant mortality, increased sexual activity= illegitimate children. Estimated that nearly 50% of Paris was born out of wedlock in early 19^th C.
Family Violence: among working class- wife beating was a male prerogative, women were prime victims of male violence.
Changing Roles of Men & Women: Father had absolute authority. Code Napoleon had established this in most of Continental Europe.
John Stuart Mill & Women’s Role: campaigned against wife beating “The Subjection of Women” – 19^th C would see continued exploitation of women with increased women’s rights movements.

First Industrial Revolution: England 1750-1851
- with privatization in agriculture in 1780s – market system developed. Canals built to facilitate transportation, replaced by trains in 1830s-40s. British trade & commercialism was extensive… exotic and other items imported from places such as China, Japan, India, Canada, United States.
Consumer Demand or Multiplier Effect
- demand was outstripping supply, made cottage system (working out of home) obsolete. Increased demand, lower price= increased profit… also increased technology, need for new technology= multiplier effect.
Technology & Society: new technology solved some problems, but created new ones. Cotton industry seen as having greatest multiplier effect. Coal mining, iron production and machine design were real engines. By 1830 Britain was leading industrial power.
Industrialization on the Continent: emerged later than in Britain. Had pol, eco & social effects lasting into the 20^th Century. Population was rapidly increasing in the early 1800s. Europe had lagged in part due to Napoleonic wars (disrupted trade, political, economic disruption due to war).
- out of te manufacturing system Marx & Engels: “The Condition of the Working Class in England”.
The Social Impact: Big Picture- massive growth and change also great disparity resulted, along with poor working conditions. Much debate about impact of Industrial Revolution- urban environments were appalling.
Conditions of City Life: 2 big developments: increased population & increased urban population… huge migration to the cities, lack of urban planning= overcrowding, lack of sanitation, death rate exceeded birth rate as disease spread in these conditions.
Growth of British Industrial Cities: people flooded into cities = need housing – extensive neighbourhoods for rich, ghettos for poor. Filthy apartments overcrowded. Houses near work because of lack of transportation.
Rural Homes: were also simple not idyllic like “myth of rural life”.
Conditions of Work: mechanization of factory work= constant, repetitive work dictated by owners. Work week developed, as was time and work related discipline. School system built around factory system: discipline, punitive measures against lateness, no talking in halls, etc… many rules & systems still exist today.
- Conditions were unsafe, work weeks were long, poor pay with 90 hour weeks in many cases.

Industrial Revolution
-“make by machine” steam was 1^st major power source.
- a social & eco revolution as well… Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations”, wrote about production & labour, systems of trade & Increasing productivity.
- changed money, banks… also created middle class, working class, urbanization.
- term Industrial Revolution: England 1830s to express how much society changed on one generation.
- Great Britain- “workshop of the world”… after Napoleonic wars most of Europe followed Great Britain.

Birth of Modern Industrial Society (1815-1870)
Dual Revolution
- period of political revolution & make ideals of Fr. Revolution a reality
Industrial Revolution: transform economy and society – period of transformation, reform, change and often conflict.

The Role of Government in Society
- During Industrial Revolution economy had booms & slumps, required adaptation by individuals and gov’t. After good times, people were less tolerant of hard times. Working class developed a common identity.
Laissez Faire: No Government Intervention- felt free market optimized economic growth.
Malthus (1766-1834) idea that population was growing faster than food supply= increased poverty. Government did nothing, even though social realities called for political action.
Utilitarianism: Government Intervention & Regulation- Bentham: “principle of utility” – laws should be designed to create “increased happiness of increased # of people” Role of the state did increase in areas post 1840s.
Social Legislation: increased poverty=increased social legislation. New Poor Law (1834) to receive poor relief, had to enter a workhouse. Conditions were purposely poor to discourage relief… used until 1909.
Factory Act 1833 – laws on child labour.