Chapter 3 Key Concepts/Events and People

Key Concepts: Crusades- Began in 1096. Europeans were not able to conquer holy land from the Ottoman Turks. Many Crusaders came home with spices and cloths, which made them a lot of money. The popularity of uncommon products resulted in exploration to the Middle and far East.

Capitalism- Relies on the organization of capital, labour, and raw materials to produce surplus wealth, allowed for merchants to sponsor voyages.

Terrestrial Paradise- The garden of Eden. A place that was enclosed by high walls and on the inside was crystal and diamonds. It was thought to be the source of all great rivers in the world.

Caravels- Is a ship that was commonly used by Portuguese and Spanish. They allowed quick travel times.

Christian Century in Japan- Jusuits: focused on leaders of society. Believed converting lower-class was pointless as the government could make laws about religions. Franciscans: focused on the lower class. They rejected Japanese culture.

Asiento- Is a name given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell slaves to Spanish colonies. It was first given in 1595 to supply 38 000 slaves in 9 years.

Treaty of Tordesillas- Occurred in 1494, the treaty was designed to reduce conflict between Spain and Portugal. It divided areas of exploration, Portuguese moved southward along Atlantic Coast of Africa so they can find new islands, Spanish did the same in the Americas.

Encomienda-

Key People: Christopher Columbus- Discovered North America. Voyaged between 1487 and 1780.

Ptolemy- Believed the world was a globe that could be divided into 360 degrees of longitude. He believed the world consisted of 1) Asia 2) Africa 3) Europe 4) Indian Ocean 5) Western Ocean. His miscalculations of water to land and Earth size lead to wrongfully estimated travel times for explorers.

Marco Polo- An explorer in the 15^th century. The reports he wrote about the places he explored were used as a guideline for other explorers after him.

Vasco da Gama- Happened between 1469-1524, voyaged around East Africa.

John Cabot- Explored the coastline of North America. Known for his trail in Nova Scotia.

Jacques Cartier- Came to Canada from Normandy between 1491-1557. When he returned to France he brought Amerindians with him who got sick and died. He claimed that they were alive and would not return to Canada because they liked their new life.

Mehmed II- Came to power in 1451, wanted to further the borders of the Ottoman Empire.

Suliman I the Magnificent- Caused the peak of the Ottoman Empire throughout the Middle East, into North Africa, through the Balkans, and almost Vienna. From his time on, European monarchs would have to consider the Ottoman Turks when planning diplomatic and military affairs.

Hernan Cortes- Wrote a letter to the Spanish King about the conflicting emotions the conquerors of Aztec felt when they were to destroy cultures. He also helped conquer Mexico for Spain.

Atawallpa- Was executed by the Spanish in 1533. An attack of the Spanish killed 7, 000 Indians in a fight regarding a clash of cultures.

Francisco Pizarro- Leader of Spanish force who killed Atawallpa. Spanish took 13 000 pounds of gold and 26 000 pounds of silver in the end.

St. Francis Xavier- Missionary in India who converted Japanese to Christianity. Baptized 150 converts when he traveled to Japan.

Tokugawa Ieyasu- Brought country of Japan peace and order through his action of moving the government to Tokyo (Edo at the time). He wanted to keep Christianity out of his land, those who were Christian were killed.

Immanuel Wallerstein- Wrote The Modern World-System in 1974. It suggested that theexpand of the geographic world economy was a response to a “crisis in feudalism.”

Andre Gunder Frank- Famous historian.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda- He lived from 1494-1573. A famous Spanish philosopher who believed that the Amerindians were "natural slaves".