Chapter 1 Key Concept/Events and People

Key Concepts: Renaissance – “rebirth” in French. A cultural growth that pushed Europe to become more modern. Influences on the time included Art, Music, and Architecture. (Art= Da Vinci sketched bodies so people would wonder what made them work, Mozart changed the normal rules of music to make it his own, Structures such as the fortress of Peter in St. Petersburg gave the defenders an upper hand in war).

Reformation- Lead by Martin Luther because of the indulgences by clergy members. Luther posted his 95 theses to the church door which were reasons he did not approve of the practice. The printing press spread the information to more people, gaining Luther more supporters. In 1520 the pope issued a papal order taking away Luther’s right to be a part of the church if he did not back down. When placed before the monarch Luther wouldn’t submit a recant he said, “Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.” This eventually lead to Protestantism.

Humanism- emphasized nonclerical concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome.

Utopia- A perfect place. Book written by Thomas More.

Indulgences- People paid clergy members to forgive them of their sins. Luther disagreed with this idea and began the reformation.

Diet of Worms- Location where Luther said, “Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.”

Protestantism- Stripped away medieval heritage. No more monks, nuns, pilgrimages, relics, patron saints and holidays, Indulgences, canon law, and papal governance.

Anabaptists- A person who believes that baptism should occur after infantsy. When a person is baptized they are undergoing a ritual to show their commitment to a religion. (Part of the Protestant religion as opposed to Roman Catholicism).

Council of Trent- Composed of members who met on and off for 18 years. The council produced a papal victory. Changes were made to rules of religion: Protestant = medieval church law. Rome = conservative. Bibles stayed Latin. Bishops were sent to cities to strengthen authority, lead to better schooled clergy members, better supervised, and more celibate.

Inquisition- An interrogation held in the church by church members. Held to eliminate members of church who held unorthodox beliefs.

Counter-Reformation- An attempt for the church to gain control over the reformation. Moving more clergy members into town to gain authority, weeding out members of the church who were unorthodox, Roman Index of Prohibited books, and forcing religion on school, propaganda, and social services. Art forms such as architecture, sculpture, music, and stagecraft were all introduced by Catholics.

Edict of Nates- Occurred in 1598, Henri granted the French protestants large military privileges which in turn help settle the kingdom.

Key People: William Shakespeare- Wrote plays.

Da Vinci- Painted much of the scientific revolution. Through body part paintings he made people wonder how body parts work.

Johann Gutenberg- Invented the printing press in 1440. The printing press allowed for information to be distributed quickly and to larger groups of people.

Michelangelo- Known for his painting in the Sistine Chapel. His work helped the counter-reformation as he painted religious figures.

Niccolo Machiavelli- Wrote the book “My Prince”, he believed a leader should be feared and not loved. Known for his famous saying, “the ends justify the means.”

Desiderius Erasmus- Most influential renaissance northerner. He translated the bible from Greek to Latin, also corrected multiple philological errors of the official bible. His most famous book was called The Praise of Folly, written in 1508.

Martin Luther- Man responsible for the reformation. (95 theses).

Jean Calvin- lived from 1509-1564, founded a church in Scotland and the Netherlands. Even today, Presbyterians and the United Church have Calvinist roots. The Calvinist churches are less hierarchic than Lutheran ones.

Henry VIII- Became known as the defender of the faith as he retaliated against Luther’s 95 Theses. He is most famous for having six wives.

Elizabeth I- “The virgin Queen.” Ruled England from (time).

Ivan the Terrible- Pushed out the borders of Russia. Though the Baltic wars over land, he left many dead.