ESSAY OUTLINE
PLANNING
THE ESSAY
Student: Raheem
Hirji Achievement: Application Total: ___ Marks
Paragraph
1 (Introductory Paragraph)
Background Information:
|
“Covering a
wide range of distinct political, economic, and cultural trends, the term
“globalization” has quickly become one of the most fashionable buzzwords of
contemporary political and academic debate.” This integreation of economies
and societies has existed over 100 years ago with
international trade and migration. However in the modern era globalization is
more apparent as the free flow of products occurs worldwide with little or no
trade barriers. As the interdependence among nations is on the rise and is
increasingly inevitable, |
Controversial Question:
|
The risk to the nation-state as a result of
globalization is being questioned and analyzed. |
Thesis Statement:
|
The threat of globalization leads to the
domestic loss of high income jobs, increased inequality of income
distribution, and a uniform global culture eroding national sovereignty. |
Sub-Topics:
|
1) domestic loss of high
income jobs |
|
2) increased inequality of
income distribution |
|
3) a uniform global culture
eroding national sovereignty |
Paragraph
2 (Background Paragraph)
Major Idea: Concept of Globalization
Topic Sentence:
|
“People around the globe are more
connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more
quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are
increasingly available in all parts of the world. International travel is
more frequent. International communication is commonplace. This phenomenon
has been titled "globalization."” |
Evidence:
|
-
Manual workers in particular are under threat as companies shift their
production lines overseas to low-wage economies. |
|
-
All economic transactions—given variables such as
distance, size, income levels, and language—are denser within national
borders than across national borders. |
|
- In the global economy, a lot more
moves: not only technology but also capital and skilled professionals. |
|
- The richest 20% of the world's
population receives 82.7% of the total world income, the second richest 20%
receives 11.7% of the world's income and the bottom 60% receives 5.6% of the
world's income. |
|
Source: -Economic Apartheid
in |
Concluding Sentence:
|
Globalization is a concept that will continue to
affect both negatively and positively almost every citizen in the
international community. This era cannot be reversed and is here to stay,
however this does not mean it is beneficial to the overall population. |
|
|
Paragraph
3 (Sub-Topic 1 - Con)
Major Idea:
Globalization creates Jobs
Topic Sentence:
|
Globalization is helping to increase real
incomes throughout the world, with new jobs being created in poorer countries
as new technologies create more dynamic local economies. |
Evidence:
|
- “In the US, employment supported by
merchandise exports to countries grew to an estimated 2.9 million jobs, up
more than 914,000 jobs since 1993, " says the Office of the United
States Trade Representative, the President's cabinet officer for imports and
exports. |
|
- globalization
creates hundreds of millions of jobs, mostly in developing countries. |
|
“Restrictions on outsourcing may save a few jobs in the short run,” said author and NCPA Senior Fellow Bruce Bartlett, “but they will come only at the expense of better jobs in the future.”
|
|
“Increased economic globalization has
caused jobs to move to the |
|
Source: |
Concluding Sentence:
|
“In a fragmented world, globalization
creates bonds. In a world where too many people yearn for freedom,
globalization offers hope. In a world where totalitarianism is all too
present, globalization fosters democracy. And in a world where small
businesses face ever-increasing competition, globalization creates new
markets and new opportunities.” |
Paragraph 4 (Sub-Topic 1 - Pro)
Major Idea: Loss of high paying jobs due to
outsourcing and inability for small businesses to compete
Topic Sentence:
|
"Outsourcing" is a process in
which jobs and careers, mainly in technological fields, are contracted out to
countries where wages are significantly lower wages. It is this reality that
doesn’t benefit the global economy. When jobs on the home front are lost, it
increases unemployment and decreases the standard of living. |
|
According to the February edition of
Wired Magazine, the typical salary for an American programmer is $70,000 a
year. The typical salary for a programmer in |
Evidence:
|
- loss of high paying jobs is a reality
for nations around the world, for example in the IT sector of the American
economy, jobs are being outsourced to cheap labour countries. This decreases
the high paying jobs and increases the working poor. |
|
- Both Kerry and Bush admit to
outsourcing as a catalyst for reduction in jobs and that cheap labour leaves
the Americans jobless. |
|
- more high
paying jobs aren’t being created. For example in |
|
- Eastman Kodak — the largest employer in
Rochester and the central focus of the community since the company was
founded by George Eastman in 1888 — announced it was shutting down an area
plant and laying off the 500 employees who make single-use, sometimes called
"throw-away," cameras. The work will now be done in |
|
- The U.S. Department of Labor projects that the professions with the greatest
expected future growth in the |
|
Sources: http://comment.cio.com/comments/11407.html (Raymond D Pairan
Jr The
Economy) http://www.forcastglobaleconomy.com/p7/article07.html (GLOBALIZATION UTOPIA by Chih Kwan Chen ( http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2002-12-12-manufacture_x.htm ( |
Concluding Sentence:
|
Bush’s solution to giving away jobs is for the
unemployed to get re-educated and start over. The truth is that the
outsourcing of our jobs to lower wage countries is an increasingly acceptable
norm which leaves domestic citizens jobless. |
Paragraph
5 (Sub-Topic 2 - Con)
Major Idea: The gap between the rich and the poor is
disappearing
Topic Sentence:
|
Globalization helps the international community by
reducing the income inequality gap and distributes that flow of capital more
evenly. |
Evidence:
|
When referring to income distribution,
incomes do not tell the whole story; broader measures of welfare that take
account of social conditions show that poorer countries have made progress.
For example some low-income countries like |
|
The
difference in life expectancy between high-income countries and middle-income
countries decreased from 24.5 years in 1960 to 8.6 years in 1999, with the
exception of sub-Saharan During the
past half century the gap in infant mortality between developed and
developing countries has been reduced by 50 percent. · While much
of the world still suffers from hunger, between 1961 and 1999 the average
daily food supplies per person increased 24 percent globally from 2,257
calories to 2,808 calories. · The increase
in food availability was even more rapid in developing countries, where it
increased 39 percent, from 1,932 calories to 2,684 calories. |
|
|
|
rich countries grew at 2%, and the rest of the developing world, at -
1%. Over 3 billion people are included, for Bangladesh China, |
|
Source: The Poor Like Globalization David Dollar YaleGlobal, http://www.yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=1934 |
Concluding Sentence:
|
Globalization has aided and fostered economic growth
among the poor nations and continues to offer hope and preosperity
as the poor are experiencing increased income distribution equality. |
Paragraph 6 (Sub-Topic 2 - Pro)
Major Idea: The rich get richer while the poor remain poor and
the gap between rich and poor
countries has been widening.
Topic Sentence:
|
Globalization is economically beneficial to the
wealthy. This generated wealth comes at the expensive of the poor nations. |
Evidence:
|
- World Economic
Outlook studies 42 countries (representing almost 90 percent of world
population) for which data are available for the entire 20th
century. It reaches the conclusion that output per capita has risen
appreciably but that the distribution of income among countries has become
more unequal than at the beginning of the century. |
|
- Supporters of the
anti-globalization movement argue that “globalization has dramatically
increased inequality between and within nations” (Mazur, 2000), and in particular
that it has marginalized the poor in developing countries and left behind the
poorest countries. |
|
-white-collar real hourly wages
increased 13.4% while blue-collar wages decreased 14.0%. |
|
- Half the world -- nearly three billion people -- live
on less than two dollars a day. |
|
- 51 percent of the world's 100 hundred wealthiest bodies are corporations. |
|
- The
wealthiest nation on Earth has the widest gap between rich and poor of any
industrialized nation. |
|
|
|
Source: - Globalization and Inequality. Michael Kremer and Eric Maskin - The Corporate Planet, Corporate Watch, 1997 |
Concluding Sentence:
|
Globalization is the engine for income inequality as
more people live with less and less people live with more. |
Paragraph
7 (Sub-Topic 3 - Con)
Major Idea: benefits of a homogenized global culture
Topic Sentence:
|
A common culture leads the way to greater
shared values and political unity. This means less conflict between nations
because they depend on each other. This leads to reduction in wars and
beneficial consumer products for global citizens. Different cultures acquire
knowledge about each other’s customs and values and cultures unite through
globalization rather that being homogenized. |
Evidence:
|
- “Technology has now
created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture. The
Internet, fax machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away cultural
boundaries. Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions and dreams
of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. This spread of values, norms, and
culture tends to promote Western ideals of capitalism.” |
|
- Culture
is something that is constantly changing, thus a "global culture"
is not necessarily one that is the same everywhere |
|
- as long as growing numbers of people
have the same access to all the information and products that exist,
competition and innovation will be rampant - and that is nothing to fear. |
|
- e.g. |
|
Source: Towards a Global Culture http://wso.williams.edu/~dredmond/psci227/pg4.html |
Concluding Sentence:
|
A common global culture only unites nations and can
deter military conflicts. It recognizes each nation on a global scale and
together nations generate and accumulate economic prosperity and political
uniformity. |
Paragraph 8 (Sub-Topic 3 - Pro)
Major Idea:
Topic Sentence:
|
A uniform global culture imposes western values, beliefs
and norms on the rest of world which leads to an erosion of national
sovereignty. Both dejure and defacto
sovereignty becomes weakened due to globalization. |
Evidence:
|
- “Globalization is a
declaration of war upon all other cultures. And in cultural wars, there is no
exemption for civilians; there are no innocent bystanders.” |
|
- Globalization leads to the
dominance of brands and the power they gain to become internationally
recognized no matter what nation. EG. COCA COLA "A billion hours ago, human life
appeared on earth. A billion minutes ago, Christianity emerged. A billion
seconds ago, the Beatles changed music. A billion Coca-Colas ago was
yesterday morning." (Robert Goizueta, the late
CEO of Coca-Cola, explaining in April 1997 that one billion Cokes are sold
every two days) |
|
- the effect of culture
brands leads to companies like Coca-Cola which operates in over 200 nations —
more countries than the United Nations has members |
|
- “In the age of torment and
uncertainty toward one’s destiny, the Arab individual is crossing over the
bridge of agony, with a fearful protective eye over his cherished values,
history and heritage,” Rafik Atweh,
the event coordinator, said in describing Arab attitudes toward
globalization. |
|
Globalization creates a uniform culture
which imposes brands like Coke and McDonalds and erodes the way of life in
many countries. |
|
Source: - http://www.lebanonwire.com/0209/02091104DS.asp ( - The Globalist |
Concluding Sentence:
|
As national cultures become infringed upon, national
sovereignty and independence will no longer be prominent and everyone will
have to adapt to a new way of life. |
(Conclusion)
Restate the Thesis:
|
The interdependence among nations places
risks among the nation-state as the threat of globalization leads to the
domestic loss of high income jobs, increased inequality of income
distribution, and a uniform global culture eroding national sovereignty |
Summary of Sub-Topics:
|
- outsourcing leads to the extinction of jobs |
|
- the rich get richer while the poor remain poor |
|
- national sovereignty is becoming a concept of the
past |
Positive, moral, lesson learned sentence:
|
“The
integration of the world's economy may look as if it's gathering pace. But
the trends conceal more than they reveal about the way the world's economy
works - and about whose interests would be served if 'globalization' ever
achieved all its ambitions.” |
Working
Bibliography: (Write down at least 10 sources)
Nye, Joseph. “Globalization Can Turn Back Terror.”
Charlton, Mark. and Barker, Paul. Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political
Issues 4th Edition.
Nelson, a division
of Thomson Canada Limited, 2002.
Kwiek, Marek.
“The Nation-State, Globalization and the Modern Institution
of the University.” A Journal of Social and Political Theory.
December 2000: 74 - 99
Drenzer, Daniel. “Globalizers of
the World, Unite! The
Winter
1998: 209-225
Nicholas Crafts, Globalization
and Growth in the Twentieth Century, IMF Working Paper, WP/00/44
World Economic
Outlook, International Monetary Fund,
Kwan Chen, Chih. “Globalization Utopia.”
Rossheim, John. “Job
Creation, Job Destruction and Globalization” Monster
– Featured Reports
Where have all
the good manufacturing jobs gone? http://tucsonjwj.org/jic.htm
The Corporate Planet, Corporate Watch, 1997
Debt
- The facts, Issue 312 - May 1999,
New
Internationalist
1998 Human Development Report, United Nations Development
Programme
1999
Human Development Report, United Nations Development Programme